indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
chirp; twitter; warble; whale tongue
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to examine; to look up; to investigate; to check up; to sense; to study
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
very; extremely; terrible; horrid; remarkable; extraordinary
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
scattering; diffusion; spread (e.g. signal across the spectrum)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
contents; content; substance; matter; detail; import
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
sympathy; empathy; response
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
embarrassing; embarrassed; ashamed; disgraceful; shameful
to gaze at; to fix one's eyes upon
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
expectation; anticipation; prediction; forecast; conjecture
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence