indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to aim at (with a weapon, etc.); to be after (something or someone); to have an eye on; to aim for; to set up as a goal
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hill; height; knoll; rising ground
small peninsula; cape; promontory; headland
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
ruffian; villain; peculiar person; idiosyncratic person; tricky thing; something that is more than it seems
close associate; close aide; brains-truster
stone; jewel; precious stone; flint (in a lighter); stone (in go); stone (in the bladder, kidney etc.); calculus
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
counter for jewels in a watch; counter for transistors, diodes, etc. in an electronic product
carrying out one's duties; ruling a fief; ruling a territory given by one's liege; territory given by one's liege; fief
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to gain fame; to make one's name
to do completely; to do accidentally; to do without meaning to; to happen to do
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to deliver; to forward; to send; to report; to notify; to file notice (to the authorities)
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
arrangement; preparations; search (by police)
judgement; judgment; carrying out a sentence (e.g. execution)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
family; relatives; dependents; household
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this sort of; of this kind; of the sort; such
omission; failure; incompleteness; irregularity; mismanagement; misconduct
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
great numbers (of people); numerical superiority; masses; people; folk; clique
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to warn against; to caution against; to admonish; to scold; to prohibit; to forbid; (arch.) to be cautious
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality