indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Tajima (former province located in the north of present-day Hyōgo Prefecture)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
congratulation; celebration
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
in that way; thus; so; so?
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
how; in what way; how about
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of