before one's eyes; under one's nose; immediate (e.g. interests); present; foresight; near future
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
benevolent rule; moratorium on debts
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
debt; loan; liabilities; borrowing money
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
to groan; to moan; to roar; to howl; to hum (engine, wind, etc.); to buzz; to ooh and aah (in admiration)
after that; afterwards; thereafter
how; in what way; how about
command; order; dictation; nth year in the Reiwa era (May 1, 2019-)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to ask for; to apply for; to make an application for; to file a request for; to submit (e.g. one's resignation)
farmer; peasant; farming; the common people
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to be moist; to be damp; to profit by; to receive benefits; to become rich; to become at ease financially
to pay back a debt; to have one's revenge; to settle a score; to get back at someone
structure; construction; arrangement; plan; plot; contrivance
proposal; proposition; suggestion
safety; security; safely; without incident; good health; inaction
agreement; consent; same opinion; same view; same meaning
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
coincident with; while; simultaneously
employer's house; master's house
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
to run counter to; to go against; to disobey; to infringe
entering the priesthood; priest; monk; bonze
rise; increase; income; takings; completion; end; end result (e.g. of crafts)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to have much trouble; to have a hard time; to not know how to handle
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
denotes uncertainty; such things as A and B; A and B and so on; A and B and the like
face; honour; honor; reputation; prestige; dignity
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
now; soon; already; yet; further; more