indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
round coin with a (square) hole in the center; coin made of non-precious materials; money
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
farmer; peasant; farming; the common people
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
blind female beggar who sings or plays shamisen
now; the present time; just now; another; more
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
so; like that; that's right; indeed; let me see...
benevolent rule; moratorium on debts
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...