indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(camera) shutter; shutter (for a door, window, etc.)
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
huh?; eh?; what?; oh; hey!; look!
source (of a river); fountainhead; source; origin; root
public matter; governmental matter; prince; duke; lord; sir
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
doing; in such a state; doing together; doing to each other; familiarizing suffix (sometimes meaning "small")
hey there; I say; see here
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Shōwa era (1926.12.25-1989.1.7); reminiscent of the Shōwa era; Shōwa- nostalgic; old-fashioned
storm; tempest; uproar; hullabaloo; storm (e.g. of protest)
snowy mountain; permanently snow-covered mountain; pile of snow; Himalayas
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
disaster; accident; shipwreck; distress
missing (of a person); lost; unaccounted for; whereabouts unknown
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
now; the present time; just now; another; more
at that time; in those days
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
discovery; detection; finding
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
one's house; one's home; one's family
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
two persons; two people; pair; couple
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
sound of footsteps; sense or sign that something is approaching
is it?; isn't it?; be; is
son (of others); boy; young master; green young man from a well-to-do family; young man innocent of the ways of the world