road; path; way; set of practices; Buddhist teachings; Taoism; modern administrative region of Japan (Hokkaido)
cram school; private tutoring school; juku
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
duration; continuance; survival; persistence; retention
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout
victory or defeat; match; contest; game
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to challenge to (a fight, game, etc.); to throw down the gauntlet; to tackle (e.g. a problem); to attempt; to pressure (someone) for sex; to make advances to
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
victory; triumph; conquest; success; win
spicy; hot; salty; harsh (criticism); severe (punishment); painful
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
together; jointly; at the same time; with; both
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
victory or defeat; issue (of battle); outcome
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
more and more; all the more; at last; finally; (at the) last moment; worst possible time
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
decisive battle; deciding match; play-off
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to be complete; to be all present; to be equal; to be uniform; to gather; to assemble
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
last; final; closing; last train (bus, flight, etc.; of the day)
10^12; 1,000,000,000,000; trillion; sign; omen; indication