indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
lead; leading; lead (of a newspaper, etc.); lede; lead (wire); lead (e.g. dog); leash
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
suffix for familiar person
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
unmarried woman; Miss; -ess; -ette
preeminence; supremacy; distinction; excellence
adds force or indicates command