indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
long-distance relay race; stagecoach; post horse
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
marathon; long-distance race
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
one four-of-a-kind and one three-of-a-kind in a dealt hand; three and a four (in dice games)
cross mark; demerit mark; an X
adds force or indicates command
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
all present; all concerned; all of us