indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
sharing a room, flat, apartment, or house (with roommates, flatmates, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
to pass (of time); to elapse
person asking for advice; inquirer; consulter; consultor; counselee; querent (in tarot, astrology, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
intently; single-mindedly; devotedly; solely; earnestly; with all one's heart
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
to dance (orig. a hopping dance)
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
to fry; to saute; to stir-fry
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
way of saying (something); way of putting it; wording; phrasing; language; expression
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
particle indicating that the speaker is trying to recall some information
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
making do; getting by (somehow); managing
have no choice; there is nothing but; no more than
liver; innards; courage; spirit; crux; essential point