indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
love; love-making; passion; emotion; affections
institute for general research; multidiscipline laboratory
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
breaking up (e.g. meeting); dispersing (e.g. crowd); dissolving (company, organization, etc.); liquidating; dissolving (diet, parliament, etc.)
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to spring; to bound; to be stimulated; to be encouraged; to pay handsomely; to splurge
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
sometime; someday; one day; some time or other; the other day; in due course
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
bull; bulldog; bulldozer; bourgeois; bourgeoisie
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
suffix for familiar person
abruptly; suddenly; all of a sudden; without warning
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
rate; late; rating; ranking
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
amount necessary to fill a container (e.g. cupful, spoonful, etc.); drink (usu. alcoholic); full; one squid, octopus, crab, etc.; one boat; fully; to capacity
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?