but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
studying abroad; studying at a different school, etc. (usu. for a specific purpose)
to apply for; to make an application; to propose (marriage); to offer (mediation); to make an overture (of peace); to challenge
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
success; passing (e.g. exam); eligibility
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
(on) one's own; (by) oneself
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
one's own strength or effort; (by) oneself
myself; yourself; I; me; you
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
phew; whew; huff; whoo; wohoo
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
science (inc. mathematics, medicine, etc.); natural science; science department (university); science course; science (as a school subject)