indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
fund-raising; collection of funds
group; party; team; organization; organisation; association
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
side (of something, or taking someone's side); part; (watch) case
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
near oneself; close to one; familiar
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to judge; to decide; to sit in judgement; to try
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
materials; data; document
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
article; news story; report; account
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
or something; for instance ... (though there are other suitable options); ... or ...; as soon as; right after; while still
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to aim at (with a weapon, etc.); to be after (something or someone); to have an eye on; to aim for; to set up as a goal
adds force or indicates command
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
father; dad; husband; you; he
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
meeting; assembly; party; society; association; club
plot; scheme; trick; design; intrigue; artifice
implementation (e.g. of a system); materialization; materialisation; realization; realisation; actualization
to take on a role; to take part
House of Representatives (lower house of the National Diet of Japan)
ward; borough; city (in Tokyo); district (e.g. electoral); section; zone (e.g. postal)