indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
metropolitan governor; governor of Tokyo
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
medical care; medical treatment
organization; organisation; structure; construction; system (e.g. railroad, transport, party, etc.); tissue; texture (of a rock)
mission; errand; task; duty; obligation
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
dead person; (the) deceased; (the) dead; casualties
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
collapse; break; cave-in; crash; (market) decline
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
funny; amusing; strange; odd; improper; unsuitable
state of affairs (around you); situation; circumstances
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
heart; guts; nerve; central part
suffix for familiar person
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
frantic; frenetic; inevitable death; brinkmate (inevitable checkmate)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to connect; to link together; to tie; to fasten; to maintain; to preserve
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
number one; first; best; most; game; round
to give up; to abandon (hope, plans); to resign oneself (to)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
quantity; amount; volume; number; amount of money
ring; circle; hoop; wheel; circle (e.g. of friends)
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
make good use of; make the most of