indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
metropolitan governor; governor of Tokyo
direct control; direct supervision
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
medical treatment; medical care
organization; organisation; structure; construction; system (e.g. railroad, transport, party, etc.); tissue; texture (of a rock)
mission; errand; task; duty; obligation
ordinary; common; free of charge; free; unaffected; as is
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
dead person; (the) deceased; (the) dead; casualties
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that's enough!; cut it out!; get a life!
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
suffix for familiar person
to be saved; to be rescued; to escape harm; to be spared damage; to be helped; to be saved trouble
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
promise; agreement; appointment; engagement; convention; rule
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
cooperation; collaboration; help; support
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
to rescue (someone); to save; to help (out of a difficulty); to save (spiritually); to redeem (from sin); to deliver (from suffering, distress, etc.)
how much; something over; and something; however (much); no matter how
to shoot (a gun, person, etc.); to fire
futility; waste; uselessness; pointlessness; idleness
he; she; that person; (arch.) you
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
absolutely; definitely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to abandon; to fail; to desert; to forsake
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!