indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
metropolitan governor; governor of Tokyo
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
medical care; medical treatment
organization; organisation; structure; construction; system (e.g. railroad, transport, party, etc.); tissue; texture (of a rock)
mission; errand; task; duty; obligation
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
ratio; proportion; match; equal; explicit comparison (style of the Shi Jing); Philippines
dangerous; risky; in danger; in jeopardy; uncertain; unreliable
dead person; (the) deceased; (the) dead; casualties
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
(medical) doctor; physician
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
all one's power (strength, energy, efforts); one's utmost
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
to rescue from; to help out of; to save
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
to succeed; to relieve; to take the place of; to substitute for; to be exchanged; to change (places with)
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial