indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
metropolitan governor; governor of Tokyo
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
medical care; medical treatment
organization; organisation; structure; construction; system (e.g. railroad, transport, party, etc.); tissue; texture (of a rock)
mission; errand; task; duty; obligation
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
dead person; (the) deceased; (the) dead; casualties
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
ratio; proportion; match; equal; explicit comparison (style of the Shi Jing); Philippines
zero; 0; nought; nothing; zilch
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to be saved; to be rescued; to escape harm; to be spared damage; to be helped; to be saved trouble
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
(medical) doctor; physician
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
serving concurrently as; holding the additional post of; additional post
reluctant; unwilling; involuntary; unintentional; unintended; unlooked-for
quantity; amount; volume; number; amount of money
ring; circle; hoop; wheel; circle (e.g. of friends)
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
plan; project; schedule; scheme; program; programme
to smash; to crush; to shut down; to put out of business; to wreck; to break; to butcher
the past; bygone days; one's past (that one would prefer remained secret); past (tense); preterit; previous life
personal history; background; log; record; hysteresis
vague; ambiguous; shady; disreputable; fuzzy
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)