indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
job application form; employee satisfaction
read-only memory; ROM; lurker (on a forum); read-only member
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
please (give me); please (do for me)
hill; height; knoll; bonus points awarded to the winner at the end of a game
counter for the ichi-ni-san counting system (usu. directly preceding the item being counted); noun read using its on-yomi; counter for articles; indicates possessive (esp. in place names)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
university hospital; teaching hospital
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
how; in what way; how about
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
car; automobile; vehicle; wheel