previous time; last time; previous installment; previous instalment; previous session
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
major company; big company; front castle gate; force attacking the front of a castle
brewing (sake); distilling (e.g. whisky)
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
Sukhavati (Amitabha's Pure Land); paradise; heaven on earth
advertisement; advertising; announcement; notice
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go around; to make a circle around; to surround; to circle; to come around (of a season, anniversary, turn, etc.); to return
again; once more; a second time
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to go out to meet; to receive; to call for; to summon; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to take (e.g. a wife)
the Eastern Capital (now Tokyo); Yedo; Edo
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
doctor; PhD; exposition; fair; exhibition
opening (in a game of go, chess, etc.); early stages; initial phase; outset
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to seize; to catch; to obtain; to acquire; to understand; to grasp
(a) step; one step; level; stage; small degree; small amount
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
entering (the marketplace); introducing (something) to the market; access; visiting a high-class or noble individual
entertainment (of guests; esp. in the corporate world); treating (to food and drinks); wining and dining
battle; fight; fighting; engagement; contest
shame; embarrassment; disgrace
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
heavy work; manual labour; feat of strength
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
swing; shake; appearance; behaviour; pretence; pretense; (a customer) coming to restaurant, ryokan, etc. without a reservation or introduction
to respond; to answer; to meet (e.g. demands, expectations); to affect; to take a toll; to strike home
gourd-shaped war fan; referee's fan; stratagem; tactics
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to rise; to go up; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water)
contrary to expectations; or so we thought, but ...
word; term; language; speech
manner; way; appearance; air; custom; convention; folk song (genre of the Shi Jing)
putting one's life on the line; giving everything one has got; acting out of desperation
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
to run away; to flee; to avoid (a question, responsibility, etc.); to evade; to win without being overtaken; to hold off the other contenders (until the finish)
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
victory or defeat; match; contest; game
tortoise; turtle; heavy drinker; turtle crest; turtle mon