indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this institution; the main institution
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(a) step; one step; level; stage; small degree; small amount
to make a mistake (in); to commit an error (e.g. in calculation); to confuse; to mistake something for something else
murder; homicide; manslaughter
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to resign; to retire; to quit; to leave (one's job, etc.)
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
unnecessary; not needed; not necessary
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
blue; azure; green; pale; gray; unripe
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
please (give me); please (do for me)
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
influence; effect; to influence; to affect; to have an influence on
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
collapse; crumbling; breaking down; (radioactive) decay; disintegration
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
violent; furious; extreme; intense; fervent; vehement
honorific/polite/humble prefix