indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
company president; manager; director
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
maximum; max; mux (multiplexor)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to sing; to sing (one's praises in a poem, etc.); to compose a poem; to recite a poem
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
special duty; being in sole charge of a duty; senior managing director; executive director
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)