indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
by the way; incidentally; sometimes; occasionally; precisely (at that time); exactly
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
theme; topic; subject matter; motif; project; slogan
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
woman; female; feminine gender
test; trial; probation; ordeal; tribulation
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to be needed; to be wanted
genuine article; real thing; real deal
young; youthful; immature; green; low (number); small
to approach; to draw near; to get close; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know
skin; body (in the context of intimate bodily contact); surface; grain (e.g. of wood); disposition; temperament
worn-out; ragged; crumbling; dry and crumbly; falling (in drops or clumps); scattering
to peel off and fall; to flake away
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
as usual; as always; as before; as ever; still
habit (often a bad habit, i.e. vice); tendency; peculiarity; idiosyncrasy; crease; wrinkle
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
outline; main points; generally; on the whole; general; rough
presentiment; premonition; hunch; to have a premonition; to have a hunch
that is to say; so that means
to feel; to sense; to experience