indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
depression; low spirits; luxuriant (of vegetation)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
another person; other people; unrelated person (i.e. not related by blood); outsider; stranger
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
in that way; thus; so; so?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
woman; female; feminine gender
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
please (give me); please (do for me)
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
stupidity; silliness; asininity; imbecility; dim-wittedness