indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
first day of the month; (arch.) first ten days of the lunar month
suffix for familiar person
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
shame; embarrassment; disgrace
a long time (since the last time); first in a long time
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
as usual; as always; as before; as ever; still
model; dummy; model (profession); fashion model; model (of a vehicle, machine, etc.); version; model (e.g. mathematical)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to elevate; to raise; to lift up; to flatter; to extol; to praise to the sky
past; after; too (much); over- (e.g. eating)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
gaudy (esp. of makeup or clothing); garish; glitzy; loud
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
growth; development; growing up; growth (of a company, the economy, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
senior high school; high school
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to be somewhat different (from before, from others, etc.)
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
top; summit; twelve o'clock (usu. midnight); top of one's head; top of a helmet
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
toes; tips of the toes; toe of a shoe, sock, etc.
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
now; the present time; just now; another; more
Buddhist priest; bonze; close-cropped hair; crew cut; boy; sonny
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen