indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
suffix for familiar person
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that