indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
suffix for familiar person
cool breeze; cool air; refreshing coolness
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid