indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
manners; etiquette; propriety; manner of production (esp. of prose, poetry, etc.); way of making
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
which (of three or more); well; now; c'mon
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
difficult; hard; impossible; unfeasible; fussy; particular; gloomy
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
in this way; thus; such; uh...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
time; hour; period; class
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
Buddhist memorial service
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
postwar period; period after Second World War
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
beautiful woman; (a) beauty
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
exactly; surely; right then; just then; just (about to); on the verge (of doing or happening)
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
busy; hurried; confused; flurried
busy; occupied; hectic; restless; hurried; fidgety
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to greet; to call out (to); to invite; to get in touch (with); to cheer (on); to give vocal support (to)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...