indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
suffix for familiar person
The End; Finis; completion; conclusion; providing fully
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
law (esp. ancient East Asian criminal code); regulation; vinaya (rules for the monastic community); Ritsu (school of Buddhism); lüshi (style of Chinese poem); (musical) pitch; six odd-numbered notes of the ancient chromatic scale
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
unattractive; ugly; unstylish; uncool
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
adds force or indicates command
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
to draw; to paint; to depict; to describe; to picture in one's mind; to imagine
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
skewered sweet rice cakes served with soy sauce and miso
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)