indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
suffix for familiar person
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
cool breeze; cool air; refreshing coolness
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
slowly; quietly; steadily; soon; momentarily; before long
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...