indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
law (esp. ancient East Asian criminal code); regulation; vinaya (rules for the monastic community); Ritsu (school of Buddhism); lüshi (style of Chinese poem); (musical) pitch; six odd-numbered notes of the ancient chromatic scale
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to get better; to get well; to recover (from an illness); to be cured; to be restored; to heal
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
medicine; pharmaceuticals; efficacious chemical (gunpowder, pesticide, etc.); (pottery) glaze; (illegal) drug; narcotic
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
suffix for familiar person
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
ear; hearing; edge; crust; selvedge (non-fray machined edge of fabrics); selvage
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
don't you think?; indicates question
indication; sign; hint; tone (of the market)
clear weather; fine weather; formal; ceremonial; cleared of suspicion
to cough violently; to have a coughing fit
mumps; epidemic parotitis
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?