indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
clear weather; fine weather; formal; ceremonial; cleared of suspicion
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
suffix for familiar person
to kick; to refuse; to reject; to stamp (on the ground); to firmly press one's feet (against something)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")