to pollute; to contaminate; to soil; to disgrace; to dishonour; to dishonor
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
to impose; to visit upon; to inflict
emperor (of Japan); mikado
towards; against; regarding; in contrast with
to offer; to present; to set someone up in a high position; to revere at a distance; to do respectfully
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
at that time; at that moment; then; on that occasion
practice; practising; training; study
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
founding a country; opening of a country (e.g. Japan) to the world; ending (a policy of) national seclusion
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
China under the Qing dynasty; Qing China; Qing dynasty
to take over; to capture; to seize; to hijack (vehicle, account, etc.)
eyeball; special feature; centerpiece; special program; loss leader; sunny-side up fried egg
blue; azure; green; pale; gray; unripe
to surpass; to outstrip; to excel
to want; to wish for; to request; to demand; to seek; to search for
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
authority; expert; counter for messages, letters, notes, documents, etc.; understanding (esp. of male-female relations); tact; supernatural powers
study; scholarship; learning; discipline; branch of learning; (a) science
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
that's the way it is; such is life
exotic non-Japanese wood (rosewood, ebony, blackwood, etc.); imported wood
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
marriage proposal; marriage talks
to refuse; to reject; to inform; to give notice; to ask leave; to excuse oneself (from)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
wife; bride; (one's) daughter-in-law
to say; to speak; to tell; to talk
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
alone; by oneself; on one's own