indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
splendid horse; promoted bishop
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
(arch.) indicates emphasis, intention, etc.; indicates emphasis, intention, etc.
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
in that way; thus; so; so?
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
Tosa (former province located in present-day Kochi Prefecture)
maliciousness; ill will; noxious gas; (arch.) (vengeful) ghost; (arch.) specter
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
honorific/polite/humble prefix
how; in what way; how about
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
adds force or indicates command
circle; "correct"; "good"; *; _; period
symbol used as a placeholder (either because a number of other words could be used in that position, or because of censorship); certain; unnamed; undisclosed
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...