indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
restoration of imperial rule
splendid horse; promoted bishop
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
isn't it great?; carnival-like religious celebrations (e.g. dancing festivals) that occurred across Japan from June 1867 to May 1868
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
public matter; governmental matter; prince; duke; lord; sir
(arch.) indicates emphasis, intention, etc.; indicates emphasis, intention, etc.
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
how; in what way; how about
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
emperor; shogun; honored person (honoured); (another person's) wife
maliciousness; ill will; noxious gas; (arch.) (vengeful) ghost; (arch.) specter
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
honorific/polite/humble prefix
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
Tosa (former province located in present-day Kochi Prefecture)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
Satsuma and Chōshū (clan alliance)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed