indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
(arch.) indicates emphasis, intention, etc.; indicates emphasis, intention, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
splendid horse; promoted bishop
Tosa (former province located in present-day Kochi Prefecture)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Satsuma (former province located in the west of present-day Kagoshima Prefecture); sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
restoration of imperial rule
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
plan; policy; means; fifth principle of the Eight Principles of Yong; right upward flick
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen