indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
traditional ordering of the Japanese syllabary; fundamentals; the ABCs of ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
brightness; discernment; insight; eyesight; vision; nth year in the Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yosakoi; dance originating in Kōchi Prefecture using naruko
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
collision; crash; running into; conflict; quarrel; clashing
(arch.) indicates emphasis, intention, etc.; indicates emphasis, intention, etc.
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
honorific/polite/humble prefix
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
accident; incident; trouble; circumstances; reasons
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
negotiations; bargaining; talks; making demands
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
Tosa (former province located in present-day Kochi Prefecture)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
in that way; thus; so; so?
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
corridor; hallway; passageway
Mutsu (former province located in present-day Fukushima, Miyagi, Iwate, and Aomori prefectures)
splendid horse; promoted bishop