indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
Tosa (former province located in present-day Kochi Prefecture)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
party; group; crew; company (of troops); corps; unit
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
(arch.) indicates emphasis, intention, etc.; indicates emphasis, intention, etc.
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
splendid horse; promoted bishop
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
wicket gate; wooden door; entrance to an entertainment venue (i.e. sumo arena, etc.)
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle
dragon (esp. a Chinese dragon); naga; semi-divine human-cobra chimera in Hindu and Buddhist mythology; promoted rook
traditional ordering of the Japanese syllabary; fundamentals; the ABCs of ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do