honorific/polite/humble prefix
dragon (esp. a Chinese dragon); naga; semi-divine human-cobra chimera in Hindu and Buddhist mythology; promoted rook
to be (animate); to be; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed; to (have the audacity to) do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
change; variation; variety; diversity; inflection; declension
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
hot spring; onsen; hot spring resort; hot spring spa
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
a little bit; a little while
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
and then; and so; and; so then
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
wound; injury; chip; crack; flaw; defect
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
come (on); come now; all right; right; well; hmm
splendid horse; promoted bishop
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
Keiō era (1865.4.7-1868.9.8)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
March; third month of the lunar calendar
10th day of the month; ten days
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
Satsuma (former province located in the west of present-day Kagoshima Prefecture); sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
indicates emphasis, intention, etc.
shogunate; bakufu; shogun's headquarters; Imperial Guards office; residence of the Imperial Guards commander
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
pursuer; pursuing party; posse
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
shop; store; someone who sells (something) or works as (something); someone with a (certain) personality trait; house; roof
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to carry on one's back; to bear; to take (responsibility); to assume; to suffer (an injury); to sustain (a wound)
to heal; to cure; to satisfy (e.g. hunger, thirst); to alleviate (e.g. sorrow, fatigue)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result