indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
Satsuma (former province located in the west of present-day Kagoshima Prefecture); sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
(arch.) indicates emphasis, intention, etc.; indicates emphasis, intention, etc.
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
tortoise; turtle; heavy drinker; turtle crest; turtle mon
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
adds force or indicates command
katsura (Cercidiphyllum japonicum); Japanese Judas tree
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
in that way; thus; so; so?
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
existence; possession; having; limited company
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
how; in what way; how about
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai; (arch.) man in attendance (on a person of high standing); (arch.) retainer
maliciousness; ill will; noxious gas; (arch.) (vengeful) ghost; (arch.) specter
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at