indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
splendid horse; promoted bishop
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
adds force or indicates command
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
current master; father of one's current master; minister (of government); noble; (arch.) nobleman's residence
maliciousness; ill will; noxious gas; (arch.) (vengeful) ghost; (arch.) specter
(arch.) indicates emphasis, intention, etc.; indicates emphasis, intention, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Tosa (former province located in present-day Kochi Prefecture)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
the East; the Orient; (East) Asia; Japan
high-ranking retainer of a daimyo (Edo Period)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
honorific/polite/humble prefix
how; in what way; how about
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
Satsuma (former province located in the west of present-day Kagoshima Prefecture); sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen