indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to desire; to wish for; to expect; to see; to command (a view of)
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
direction; way; person; lady; method of; manner of; care of ...
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
theme; topic; subject matter; motif; project; slogan
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
Bunkyū era (1861.2.19-1864.2.20)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
August; eighth month of the lunar calendar
twenty-fifth day of the month; twenty-five days
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
in the mountains; within the grounds of a temple
official; governmental; public (use, matter, forum, etc.); common; being public knowledge; being out in the open
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
implementation (e.g. of a system); materialization; materialisation; realization; realisation; actualization
to do completely; to do accidentally; to do without meaning to; to happen to do
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
previously; already; beforehand; in advance; for some time
excessive; unmerited; generous; past participle
to set off to advantage; to bring into prominence; to support; to favor; to rouse (spirits); to march (a prisoner) off
to think, feel, consider, know, etc.
to offer; to present; to set someone up in a high position; to revere at a distance; to do respectfully
face; mask; face guard; (in kendo) striking the head; surface (esp. a geometrical surface); page; aspect
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to show someone (into a room)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
as one would expect; just as you'd expect (from); still; all the same; even ... (e.g. "even a genius")
while; during; while; although; all; both
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
steering; helmsman; coxswain; guidance; leadership; leader
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
daring; fearless; intrepid; bold; tough
(facial) expression (esp. fierce, fearless, sinister, etc.); look
to be sorry; to beg pardon; to be grateful; to be amazed; to be filled with awe; to be disconcerted