indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
splendid horse; promoted bishop
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
(arch.) indicates emphasis, intention, etc.; indicates emphasis, intention, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
Tosa (former province located in present-day Kochi Prefecture)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
expel the barbarians; expulsion of the foreigners; late Edo period (19th century) revolutionary slogan
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
party (political); person who is fond of; fan of
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
how; in what way; how about
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
emperor (of Japan); mikado
the East; the Orient; (East) Asia; Japan
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
adds force or indicates command