indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
honorific/polite/humble prefix
busy; occupied; hectic; restless; hurried; fidgety
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to gather; to collect; to assemble
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
indeed; really; absolutely; truly; actually; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at once; immediately; without delay; promptly
mail service; postal service; mail; mail; postal matter; postal items
steamship; steamboat; steamer
water caltrop; water chestnut; caltrop (weapon)
company president; manager; director
than; from; out of; except; but; more
greeting; a fine thing to say
to say; to tell; to state; to do
speaker; narrator; speaker (of a language)
Tosa (former province located in present-day Kochi Prefecture)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
underground; below the ground; world of the dead; the grave; underground (activities, movement, etc.); secret
ronin; masterless samurai; high school graduate waiting for another chance to enter university after having failed the yearly entrance examination; person out of work; jobless person; (arch.) wanderer
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
poor; needy; lacking (quantity and quality-wise); poor; scanty
run-down shabby house; (arch.) rag and scrap merchant
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to turn; to revolve; to visit several places; to function well; to pass a certain time
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
(way of) life; living; livelihood; life circumstances
now; the present time; just now; another; more
in this way; thus; such; uh...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
one's house; one's home; one's family
to invite; to ask; to beckon; to wave someone in; to call in; to send for