indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
honorific/polite/humble prefix
busy; occupied; hectic; restless; hurried; fidgety
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to gather; to collect; to assemble
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
really; truly; very; extremely; exceedingly; sincerely
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
at once; immediately; without delay; promptly
mail service; postal service; mail; mail; postal matter; postal items
steamship; steamboat; steamer
water caltrop (esp. Trapa japonica); water chestnut; caltrop (weapon)
company president; manager; director
than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except
greeting; a fine thing to say
to say; to tell; to state; to do
clapping hands; applause; clapping one's hands in prayer (at a shrine)
speaker; narrator; speaker (of a language)
Tosa (former province located in present-day Kochi Prefecture)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
underground; below the ground; world of the dead; the grave; underground (activities, movement, etc.); secret
ronin; masterless samurai; high school graduate waiting for another chance to enter university after having failed the yearly entrance examination; person out of work; jobless person; (arch.) wanderer
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
poor; needy; lacking (quantity and quality-wise); poor; scanty
run-down house; dilapidated house; shabby old house; (arch.) rag and scrap merchant
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to turn; to rotate; to go around; to circle; to make the rounds (of); to go around (several places); to go by way of
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
(way of) life; lifestyle; living; life circumstances; livelihood; day-to-day life
now; the present time; just now; another; more
in this way; like this; this (much); so; uh; er
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
one's house; one's home; one's family
to invite; to ask; to beckon; to wave someone in; to call in; to send for