indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
honorific/polite/humble prefix
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
older sister; elder sister
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
fox (esp. the red fox, Vulpes vulpes); fox (i.e. a sly person); soba or udon topped with deep-fried tofu; light brown; golden brown
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)