indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
grandfather; old man; kyogen mask used for the role of an old man
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
now; the present time; just now; another; more
(United States of) America; United States; US; America (land mass); the Americas
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
emigration; immigration; emigrant; immigrant
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
meeting; conference; session; assembly; council; convention
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage