smallness; small item; short month (i.e. having fewer than 31 days); elementary school; smaller (of two things, places, etc. with the same name); inferior; younger (of two people with the same name)
plain; field; hidden (structural) member; wild; lacking a political post
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
government; administration
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to do what one is told to; to take someone's advice; to listen to what someone says
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
to rake over the coals; to scold; to chastise; to burn moxa on the skin
how; in what way; how about
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
Ministry of Finance (1869-2001); Ministry of the Treasury (under the ritsuryo system)
beyond this point; from now on; after this
(earning or paying) no interest
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
convenience; accommodation; advantage; benefit; expediency
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to plan; to attempt; to plot; to conspire; to aim for; to strive for
security; guarantee; collateral (e.g. mortgage)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
in terms of both ... and ...; from the perspective of ... as well as ...; whether it be ... or ...
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
class (of students); group (of people); party; lot; bunch; crime family; organized-crime syndicate
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
to lose sight of (one's companions); to stray from; to miss (one's chance to ...)
getting mixed up in; getting embroiled in; involvement; entanglement; by-blow
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
sound of footsteps; sense or sign that something is approaching
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o