indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
selection; choice; option
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
continuation; succession; series
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
scientific world; world of science; scientific circles; scientific community
topic; subject; much talked about; topical; in the news
previously; before; first; before (something or someone else); beforehand; in advance
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
extinction; extinguishment; disappearance; annihilation
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to change into; to convert into; to transform; to be reduced; to influence; to improve (someone)
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
what time; (lit.) which hour
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
innumerable; countless; numberless
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
academic world; academia; academic circles; scientific world; learned circles
exceptional; unusual; extraordinary; unprecedented; singular
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to be surprised; to be astonished
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
interval; period of time; among; between; good opportunity; chance
attraction (e.g. magnetic, gravitation); affinity; gravitational pull; attractiveness; magnetism
change; variation; variety; diversity; inflection; declension
notice; attention; observation
among (other things); especially; particularly; inter alia; above all (else)
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
important; momentous; essential; principal; major