indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
Japanese laurel; spotted laurel; Aucuba japonica; live tree
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
pupil; student; schoolchild
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen