indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
organization; organisation; structure; construction; system (e.g. railroad, transport, party, etc.); tissue; texture (of a rock)
management; (executive) staff; leaders; leadership; top brass; upper echelons
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
so; like this; in this way
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
too; also; still; as before; even so; either way
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to corner; to drive to the wall; to run down; to track down; to chase after
tool; implement; means; furniture
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
memory; recollection; remembrance; storage
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
art; craft; accomplishment; artistic skill; technique; performance
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
state of affairs (around you); situation; circumstances
to gulp down (a drink); to slurp
concealment; hiding; ambush; incubation; latency; dormancy
to bring into the open; to reveal; to uncover (e.g. evidence); to bring to light
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
sorry; excuse me; thank you
perhaps; possibly; maybe; if; in case; in the event that
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to recall; to remember; to recollect
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
small quantity; little; little while; short distance