rikka; formal style of ikebana
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
father; dad; husband; you; he
myself; yourself; I; me; you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to recognize; to recognise; to deem; to judge; to approve; to deem acceptable; to admit
please (give me); please (do for me)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
unofficial offer (esp. job offer); tentative decision
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
finding employment; getting a job
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...